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    Handbook for OFFSHORE SURVEYING


    ======================

    (70)
    =======================




    : Offshore Oil & Gas Industry


    : Instrumentation


    : Offshore Operations


    =======================

    ...
    .. - -
    ..








    2009







    Offshore Oil & Gas Industry




    5000


    Paleozoic Cenozoic


    1901 ..

    ٦٠ % ( ٦٥ % ٢٠١٠) 100



    Platform 1938 1946

    semi-submersible Dynamic position ( )



    ..






    ٦٣ % ٣٨ %
    Mohamed Hashem ; 06-02-2009 06:24 AM

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    -



    Instrumentation


    Acoustic energy - :


    - Positioning

    GPS
    DGPS offshore Total Station near shore
    1996 GPS : 24 20200 Receivers users
    Pseudo ranges 3 GPS one-way ranging technique
    Selective Availability differential correction S/A WGS 84 1 3 0.1

    Heading Sensors

    Gyroscopic compass () true north 0.1

    Geodesy



    Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM)
    Zone 6 Zone 1 180 80 Parameters :
    Central Meridian: the longitude for the center of a particular zone
    Latitude of Origin: the equator, 0 degree north / south
    Scale Factor on the center meridian: 0.9996
    False Easting (of the center meridian): 500000 mE
    False Northing (of the origin):0 mN for the northern hemisphere and 10000000 m N for the southern hemisphere.
    Heights

    Chart Datum


    Hydroacoustic Positioning Reference

    Sensors Beacon

    ROV () ()

    Bathymetry Survey

    (//)
    Single Beam Echo Sounders

    acoustic plus Transducer ( ) Echo Sounding
    Multi Channel Echosounder




    Scanning Sonar

    "" tow-fish

    4 200




    - Sub-bottom Profiler

    500


    Pingers

    3.5 7 KHz 50 30
    Boomers

    500 Hz 5 KHz 100
    Sparkers



    - Remotely Operated Vehicles

    ROV Pilot 4000 Umbilical - - side scan sonar/multi beam echo sounder

    robots

    1970
    ( 150 )
    ROV As-Built Survey


    Processing

    .. Sensors 12 ..

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    -



    Offshore Operations


    :
    (1)
    (2)
    (3) :
    -
    -



    ی ی ی ی ی "ی "یʿ seismic survey ی (pressure pulse) Air Gun Hydrophone - ֡
    Dynamic Position . DGPS
    3000 ( )







    1- Jack-up Rig
    Drilling Derrick () ( 3 ) 120 150 100 120


    Debris
    Rig Move Tug Management System Telemetry system

    2- Semi-Submersible
    () Anchors flexible pipes


    6 25




    Anchor Handling Anchor Pattern ( )






    1- Drilling Ships
    ( ) Dynamic Positioning DGPS ..





    ( ) Marine Platform


    Material Barge Barge Semi-Submersible ( )





    Gathering Stations refinery .. Pipelines Laying Bathymetric Survey Pre-lay Survey pipelines laying As-built Survey



    :


    Pre-lay survey

    As-Laid Survey

    DGPS Receivers
    Navigation suite computer
    Event logging and processing computer
    North Seeking Gyro
    HPR system
    Temp/Salinity Probe
    Multi-beam Echo Sounder
    Dual Channel Side Scan
    Sub Bottom Profile

    Pipelines Laying
    Rig Move
    Anchor Handling

    DGPS Receivers
    Navigation computer
    UHF Telemetry Transceiver
    Tug Management system
    North Seeking Gyro
    ROV system with sensors




    Glossary


    Paleozoic

    542 251

    Cenozoic

    65

    Dynamic Positioning

    DGPS

    Hydrophone



    Air Gun




    :
    - 1992
    - 1998
    - 1982
    - -
    - - 2007
    - Angus Mather, Offshore Engineering: An Introduction, Witherby Publishers, London, 1995
    - Ben C. Gerwick, Jr., Construction of Marine & Offshore Structures, Wiley Interscience, New Yourk, 1999
    - John P. Fish, H. Arnold Carr, Sound Underwater Images, Lower Cape Publishing, USA, 1990
    - Edwin Danson, Geophysical & Geotechnical Techniques for the Investigation of Near-Seabed Soil & Rocks, Swan Consulatant Ltd, 2001
    - Fish, John P. and Carr, H. Arnold, Sound Underwater Images; American Underwater Search and Survey Ltd.; USA; 1990
    - C.D. de Jong, G. Lachapelle, S . S kone, I.A. E lema, HYDROGRAPHY, Delft University Press, Netherlands, 2002
    - The International Hydrographic Bureau, Manual on Hydrography, MONACO, 2005
    - Melvin J. Umbach, Rockville, Md., Hydrographic Manual, National Ocean Survey, USA, 1976
    - US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering & Design Hydrographic Surveying, USA, 2001
    - SeaBeam Instruments, Multi-beam Sonar Theory of Operation, USA, 1999
    - John A. Scales, Theory of Seismic Imaging, Samizdat Press, USA, 1994
    - Micheal Hancox, Anchor Handling, Oilfield Publication Limited, UK, 1992
    - George Last, Paul Williams, An Introduction to ROV Operations, Oilfield Publication Limited, UK, 1994
    - Keith Vickery, Acoustic Positioning System A Practical Overview of Current Systems, Sonardyne Inc., 1998
    - Instruments Manuals: Trimble GPS, Ashtec GPS & ORE Trackpoint USBL system.
    - Miscellaneous magazines and internet websites.





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