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    ( )


    DNA .

    James Watson Craig Venter.



    100

    DNA ɡ ( 3 ) ɡ .

    ʡ .



    Gregor Mendel 1865 ǡ 1953 Francis Crick James Watson ɡ ɡ : 3 ( ѡ : A T G C) 20 ... .
    Charles de Lisi D.O.E 1987 1990 NIH ڡ ( International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium IHGSC ) ( ) 15 .
    100 23 ( ) 3 ( ) ʡ 3 ɡ ڡ 1994.
    ɡ ʡ e.coli ɡ ɡ ʡ .
    ǡ Craig Venter ء ɡ .
    : ( top-down ) ( bottom-up ) ߡ ɡ ɡ ɡ 1998 2002 3 .
    2000 2003 150 ɡ 500 300 .
    ڡ 25 28 ( 100 ) .
    5 ʡ ѡ 50 .

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      Marwa Mahmoud
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    farida




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    ʿ
    !!!!!!!


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    Electromagnetism


    : 1820

    .

    .


    100

    1820 ǡ ǡ ɡ ʡ ɡ . .

    ѡ ǡ .



    1777 ߡ ɡ John Ritter Urkraft .

    ɡ ߡ 1800 1820 80 ɡ ʡ .

    . ǡ ߡ . ϡ 3 ѡ ǡ .

    ɡ ɡ ߡ ѡ... .

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      eslam mamdouh
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    /



    T .Q .C

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