GPS GIS
GPS .
ǡ .
(GIS) ߡ .
ɡ (global positioning system GPS) (geographic information systems GIS) .
(hardware and software) (1).
(1):
:
(data acquisition): .
(data preprocessing): .
(data management): ǡ .
(data manipulation and analysis): .
(product generation): .
:
(spatial data): .
(attribute or thematic data): . (2) .
(2):
:
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GIS
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GIS :
GIS .
:
( ) ϡ .
ɡ (geoid). (spheroid or ellipsoid).
100 m (geoidal undulation). (draheim) : " ( ) ( ) ()".
(global geocentric datum) ( ) (local nongeocentric datum).
:
.
.
(matching) .
(common station) .
. (3) .
(3):
ɡ .
GPS 1973 1983.
20200 km ֡ (simultaneously). GPS (pseudoranges) ( ) .
ء GPS ϡ . (synchronization error) .
GPS GIS
(4):
(vector data model): . (digitizer) .
(raster data model): (pixels) . (scanners).
(4):
GPS GIS (Selective Availability SA) - GPS 100 m [10 - 20] m (Differential GPS DGPS) 1 m.
GPS GIS (5).
(5): trimble pro xr GPS
GPS
GPS GIS .
(GPS (receiver GIS (digitizer controller) GIS (6).
(6): GPS GIS
GPS GIS GIS (7).
(7): GPS GIS
GPS GIS :
(geodetic datum).
(projection) .
.
GIS :
GPS.
.
.
.
GIS.
(8) (Base Map) Leica GS5 GPS.
(8): GPS GIS
GIS .
.
GPS [10 20] m ߺ GPS.
ɡ .
GPS GIS ء GPS .
. .
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