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  1. #1
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      NOHA SHABAN
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    Gps Gis

    GPS GIS

    GPS .



    ǡ .

    (GIS) ߡ .

    ɡ (global positioning system GPS) (geographic information systems GIS) .

    (hardware and software) (1).



    (1):



    :

    (data acquisition): .

    (data preprocessing): .

    (data management): ǡ .

    (data manipulation and analysis): .

    (product generation): .

    :

    (spatial data): .

    (attribute or thematic data): . (2) .




    (2):



    :



    ǿ

    ɿ

    ɿ

    ɿ

    ʿ

    ɿ

    GIS

    ʿ

    ʿ

    ѿ

    ʿ

    ߿

    ʿ

    GIS :




    GIS .

    :

    ( ) ϡ .

    ɡ (geoid). (spheroid or ellipsoid).

    100 m (geoidal undulation). (draheim) : " ( ) ( ) ()".

    (global geocentric datum) ( ) (local nongeocentric datum).

    :

    .

    .

    (matching) .

    (common station) .

    . (3) .




    (3):



    ɡ .

    GPS 1973 1983.

    20200 km ֡ (simultaneously). GPS (pseudoranges) ( ) .

    ء GPS ϡ . (synchronization error) .

    GPS GIS

    (4):

    (vector data model): . (digitizer) .

    (raster data model): (pixels) . (scanners).




    (4):



    GPS GIS (Selective Availability SA) - GPS 100 m [10 - 20] m (Differential GPS DGPS) 1 m.

    GPS GIS (5).





    (5): trimble pro xr GPS



    GPS



    GPS GIS .

    (GPS (receiver GIS (digitizer controller) GIS (6).





    (6): GPS GIS



    GPS GIS GIS (7).





    (7): GPS GIS



    GPS GIS :

    (geodetic datum).

    (projection) .

    .

    GIS :

    GPS.

    .

    .

    .

    GIS.

    (8) (Base Map) Leica GS5 GPS.




    (8): GPS GIS





    GIS .

    .

    GPS [10 20] m ߺ GPS.

    ɡ .

    GPS GIS ء GPS .


    . .
    -

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      eslam mamdouh
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    T .Q .C

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  4. #4
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    eslam mamdouh







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      NOHA SHABAN
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    salamika






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      AYMAN GAMAL
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      Hassan Mohamed
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  8. #8
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    AYMAN GAMAL




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    Hassan Mohamed