..
- ( )
- ( ) .
-
- .
- .
- .
- ( ... )
...
charts
1800
..
Mercator projection
central projection
(Lat & long)
4000 charts ( )
... 1 : 10.000.000
... 1 : 1.000.000
... 1 : 50.000
... 1 : 5000
.
...
..
" ".
International Hydrographic Organization .
" "
.. .
1984 W.G.S 84
..
/
Long Lat
Lat ..
Long ..
( )
6 ( AA - AB AC AD .. )
( ..)
( .. )
..
( ) .
.
Decca System ...
1942
...
70 130 phase difference
.. .
GPS .
Loran - C System ...
" " .
1400 .
Loran C
Echo Sounder
. .
...
D = 1/2 TVD
T
1500 / V
( ) .
...
- Recorder/Indicator
- Oscillators
- Transducers
- Amplifier
.
.
...
echo .
... False echoes
.
...
- false echo caused by fish
- water layers
...
-
..
- weeds
100 .. .
- ..
.
Side Scan Sonar
side scan sonar ..
.. / /
.. towed fish
1
tow cable
300 .
Control unite
.
. ( ) ( )
.
( ) ( ) .
Meridians 1 180 1 180 .
Parallels 1 90 1 90 90 .
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude
Longitude
..
.. ..
.. 23.27
..
15 50 ..
= 50 - 15 = 35
3560 = 2100
=
2100 = 1200 1.8532=3891.72
.. 15 30 ..
.. = 15 + 30 = 45 60 = 2700
= 2700 1.8532=5003.1 .
.
40 90 ...
= 90 40 = 50 60 = 3000
= 3000 1.853 ( ) = 5559.6 .
40 40 90 ..
= 90 - 40 = 5060=3000'
= 3000
= 30001.853 40
= 4258.44
.. 80 20 40 ..
.. = 20+40=6060 = 3600'
= 3600 1.85380
= 1158.52
... ( 35 25 ) ( 80 95 )
..
=
+ .
= 95 25 = 70
= 35 80 + 35 80 70
= 0.6135
52.156
= 52.156 60 1.853 = 5798.7
..
( 40 30 ) ( 40 )
..
= 30 + 40 = 70
= 40 + 40 70
= 40 70
= 0.26200
74.81
= 74.81 60 1.853 + 5798.7
-
..
40 80
= 2 2 ( O1 O2 )
= 23.1463716371 ( 80 40 )
= 87.226 2
10 35 .
= 23.1463716371(10+35)
= 190.566 2
40
= 2 2 O
= 23.1463716371 ( 40 )
= 163.93 2
...
50 20
= 50 + 70 = 70
= 4 2
= 4 3.14 63716371 = 510.064 2
360
70
= 510.064 360
= 70510.064 360 = 99.179 2
.. . .. ( ) . .
.
.
..
.. //
...Zenithal Projection
.. ..
. .
.
.
.
- .
.
.. .
...Conical Projection
.. . ..
.. Simple conic projection ( )
The Polyconic projection
...
-
-
-
Bonne's conical Projection
.
...Cylindrical Projection
.
..
-
-
- ( )
-
-
-
The Equatorial Mercator Projection
.
( ) .
Transverse Mercator Projection
Transverse Mercator
...
( ) .
...
The Equatorial Mercator Projection .
.
.
.
31 .
.
..
1. .. 25 29 27 .
2. .. 29 33 31 .
3. .. 33 36 35 .
Global Positioning System
G.P.S
- 1978 24 Man-Made Stars
. Surveyors GPS .
...
GPS Satellites
GPS Ground Control Segment
Receiver
1 GPS Satellites
...
- 845
- 7
- 12
- 7.25
- 20200
2 GPS Ground control segment
3- Receiver
.
GPS
( ) Triangulation
r
p
R
R r / p .
..
.. 11 ( ) 11 ..
12 ..
13 ( ) ..
( ) .
.
( ) GPS Radio Single Signal ( 186.000 / ) 186 .
= 186.000
Nanosecond 0.000.000.001
Deferential system
Reference Mobil
.. Reference Mobil