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    Manual On Hydrography

    - -




    Hydrographic Survey INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION IHO MANUAL ON HYDROGRAPHY 2005 600
    www.iho.shom.fr
    Hydrographic surveying deals with the measurement and description of the features of the seas (configuration of the bottom) and adjacent land areas of oceans, lakes, rivers, harbours, and other water forms on Earth for the primary purpose of navigation and all other marine purposes and activities, including offshore activities, research, protection of the environment, and prediction services.
    :
    :


    ( )



    Safe and efficient operation of maritime traffic control;
    Coastal Zone Management;
    Exploration and Exploitation of Marine Resources;
    Environmental Protection;
    Maritime Defense.
    Tourism
    99%
    Minimum Standards for Hydrographic Surveys

    Survey Planning :
    50
    :



    GPS receivers
    ( )

    ( )
    ( positioning system correction )
    pipeline laying Platform installation


    ( 3 )
    WGS84
    : ( )

    :
    Data Quality ... . +
    12 use of SONAR Echo Sounder 2003
    Mohamed Hashem ; 06-02-2009 04:50 AM :

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    MANUAL ON HYDROGRAPHY - Part 2



    Positioning The Earth: Ellipsoid, Datum, Coordinate system, Projection GPS & DGPS


    Depth Determination ... : motion sensors .. !! \

    :

    - : ( ) ( 2 )

    Single beam echo sounder ( ) 1900 Multi beam echo sounder ( )


    Acoustic waves ( ):


    Any vibrating object generates the acoustic wave
    ( )
    ( 10 ) .... ... ...!! : ..!!




    frequency Hertz
    20 20 20 Ultra sonic ( )
    we can hear only the sound with the frequency in the range 20 Hz- 20 kHz. The sound with the higher frequencies (ultrasound) and lower frequencies (infrasound) can be detected by special devices


    Ultrasonic ( )

    :


    ( )
    ( λ) wavelength
    ( f ) frequency
    ( v ) velocity


    λ = v/f
    ( Pa ) ( ) sound pressure level dB
    :
    :
    Transverse Wave A traveling wave in which the particles of the disturbed medium move perpendicularly to the wave velocity. An example is the wave pulse on a stretched rope that occurs when the rope is moved quickly up and down.
    :
    Longitudinal Wave A traveling wave in which the particles of the medium undergo displacement parallel to the direction of the wave motion. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

    ( - ) ..
    " "


    Mohamed Hashem ; 06-19-2009 10:40 PM :

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    MANUAL ON HYDROGRAPHY - Part 3


    Oscillatory Motion 1 2 - - ...


    pulse damped un- damped pulse attenuation loss absorption SONAR equation ( SOund NAvigation & Ranging ) Google sonar OR speed of sound in water

    Transducer

    : .
    piezoelectric effect 1880- - ... !!! !!
    ( ) .
    Piezoelectric Effect; appearance of an electrical potential across some faces of a crystal when it is under pressure, and of distortion when an electrical field is applied. Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques discovered the effect in 1880. It is explained by the displacement of ions, causing the electric polarization of the crystals structural units. When an electrical field is applied, the ions are displaced by electrostatic forces, resulting in the mechanical deformation of the whole crystal. Piezoelectric crystals are used in such devices as the transducer, record-playing pickup elements, and the microphone.
    This effect occurs naturally in quartz crystals, but can be induced in other materials, such as specially formulated ceramics consisting mainly of Lead, Zirconium, and Titanium (PZT).






    343 / 20 acoustic waves 1500 / : temperature Salinity Depth
    4 3 / elasticity
    : 10 ( 100 ) 1.7 / :
    : ppt 35 ( ) 1.3 / ( ) ..!!
    () = CTD (conductivity, temperature & Depth detector) ....

    * Medwin 1975


    acoustic energy is not 100% efficient ( ) attenuation
    ( ) ( )


    "The deepest point in the ocean is generally believed to be in the Marianas Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean at approximately 36,160 feet (11,021 m), according to the Rand McNally Atlas (1977(
    ( ) fraction reflected scattered
    echo echo sounder
    3
    Single beam Echo sounder
    ...
    ..
    Mohamed Hashem ; 06-02-2009 05:10 AM :

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