GIS

,, , , , . (, , ) (, ), ( ), , , , ( ), , , .
( ) , ( , -, ), ( ), ( 300000 ), ( 1980), ( ), ( ), ( 2000000 ).

1964 , . . ((Palm PC, , (WAP).



( GIS ) () (GIS) "" " " . (GIS) .
. (GIS) (GIS) .
(GIS) . (GIS) (GIS)

(GIS) (GIS) . . ( ) ( ) . .
(GIS) . . . ( ) . . . . .

. :
: .
: .
:
: .

(2000 ), (120 ), ( 512 ). . . . .

ǡ . ǡ . ɡ . ǡ ǡ ɡ .
(Geographic Information System: GIS) . (spatial) (features) ֡ . .
ɡ .

(1): ɡ
ɡ ɡ ɡ . ɡ ɡ .
:
ǡ ɡ ѡ . .
ɡ ɡ ޡ . ( ) .
(layer) ɡ . theme ɡ . ޡ . ʡ ɡ ɡ ǡ ɡ . ѡ .
.

(2): GIS ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). GIS .
ǡ . ֡ .

. (Spatial Data) ʡ ֡ . (attributes) . ѡ ߡ ա . .

(3): . ( ).





12
347
194
13
567
334
14
516
226
15
657
255
16
430
257
17
606
153
18
319
373



()

()
12

110
67
13

135
80
14

120
72
15

120
70
16

80
65
17

75
60
18

125
73
(vector data) ʡ (raster data) ɡ (grid data) . ݡ ɡ ɡ .

(4): ( ) (vector) ( ) (raster) 400 ( ).
ɡ . ѡ . (topology) .

(5):
" ".
ɡ . ɡ ɡ ɡ . ɡ ɡ ѡ . . ݡ .
ʡ . . ɡ ɡ . ɡ ֡ .
ɡ ǡ . . (digitizing) ɡ . (scanning) . ɡ ɡ . Raster to Vector.

(6): 1938 CAD GIS 1998 R2V.

GIS ǡ ǡ ǡ.


ESRI
Autodesk
MapInfo
Intergraph
GIS
ArcIMS ArcSDE
GIS Design Server
SpatialWare MapXtreme
-

ArcInfo
Autodesk Map
-
GeoMedia Professional

ArcView
Autodesk World
MapInfo Professional
GeoMedia

ArcExplorer
MapGuide Viewer
Pro Viewer
-

ArcPad
OnSite
miAware
-

MapObjects
-
MapX
-

GIS
.
GPS

.
CAD

(vector).
Base Map

(ޡ ) .
GPS ѡ ɡ ݡ ȡ .

ɡ ʡ ȡ ( ) ʡ ɡ ɡ . ɡ :
(information retrieval): ʡ . .
(thematic mapping): ɡ ա . ѡ ɡ 20 .

(7): ǡ .
(spatial measurement): ɡ ء .
(overlay): ɡ .
: . .
: () (pH). .
(spatial interpolation): . ɡ . .

(8): GIS .
(buffer and corridors): ɡ . .

(9): A C ɡ B . GIS ʡ .
(network analysis): ɡ ޡ ǡ . ɡ . .
(map projection): . . . .
(digital terrain analysis): () ա (Digital Terrain or Elevation Model) DTM DEM.
. DEM ( ) (Triangulated Irregular Network: TIN).

(10): GIS
.
. ϡ . : ( ) .


GIS " " :
1 ١ ϡ .
2 .
3 ١ ˡ ɡ ɡ .
4 ء ء ʡ .
:
ǡ .
:




(1) : .
(2) : ޡ ɡ ѡ .
(3) : ɡ ɡ ѡ ޡ .
:
ɡ RASTER PIXELS ɡ ɡ " " .
:
ɡ ء .

ɡ ڡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ǡ ɡ ǡ .


:

  • GIS
  • ArcView GIS
  • ArcView
  • (Desktop GIS)

GIS
(Geographic Information System) :

  • (DUEKER 1979): " ʡ ".


  • (BURROUGH 1986): " .".


  • (MULLER 1991): " ɡ ʡ ".

. :

  • : . .
  • : .
  • : .
  • : ء .
  • : .

:
GIS
ArcView GIS
(spatial) (tabular) . ArcView .
ArcView GIS ESRI ( " ") ʡ .
(1): ArcView.

ArcView

  • ɡ .
  • .
  • .
  • .
  • (geocoding) .
  • : SQL Connect ORACLE SYBASE INGRES Microsoft Access INFORMIX.
  • Avenue: ArcView ( ) Avenue.

( ) : (Report Writer) (CAD Reader) (Dialog Designer) (Legend Tool).

(2): .

ء . :

  • .
  • .
  • ɡ .
  • ɡ
  • .

.

(3): .



(4): . .


(features): ɡ . ڡ .

  • (attribute): . . .


  • (themes): . ( ) .

(GIS Database): .

:

  • ArcView


(GUI). ArcView.
Menus ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) . ArcView. . ɡ .
(project Window) . ( 4). ArcView.
(Document window) ( 5) .
( 6) . .

(1): ArcView.
ArcView
ArcView . ɡ
.
ArcView ء . ( ) "" (Window).


(2): .
(view) (themes) ɡ .

(3): .
(table) (features) . .

(4): .
(chart) . ArcView .

(5): .
(layout) ( ) .

(6): .
Avenue. ArcView GIS .



ArcView . ArcView. .

(7): ArcView.
ArcView ǡ . ArcView .
(project window). (ASCII) APR asia.apr.
ڡ ( ).

:


ArcView

ArcView (features) (theme) (view).
ǡ . . .
.

(1): .
( 1) ( 2). ǡ . ( 3) .

ڡ (active) (display order) .

:
. . ArcView ɡ ArcView . ء . ArcView .

(2-): .

(2-): .
:
. . . . Shift .

(3): .
:
ArcView ʡ . ڡ ʡ ѡ ( ).
:
ArcView . . (record) . (field) .
(4): ArcView .

. ArcView .
ǡ . ( ء ) .
() . . ArcView ǡ ArcView .
:
. ArcView. .

(5): ArcView.
. ( ) . .
ArcView (pie) (area) (bar) (column) (line) (xy scattered)
:

ArcView ɡ ɡ . .

(6): ArcView.
ɡ ѡ .
:
Avenue . Avenue ArcView .

(7): ArcView.
ArcView:

ArcView . . ArcView .


ޡ "" (Contents) ArcView . "" (Index) . "" (Find) .

:



themes ( ) . . ( ) ( ).

(1): .
ɡ ѡ ( ) . ɡ ( ) .
. : ء ء .
:
. ( ) ɡ (symbol) .

  • ҡ ʡ .
  • ʡ .

ɡ ء .

(1): .
ء :

  • ( point marker) ǡ ɡ .
  • ( line style) ɡ ɡ .

( polygon fill pattern) . ǡ (symbology) .

(1): .

(spatial data) ɡ .

  • (shapefile): ArcView . ArcView ɡ . ArcView ɡ .
  • (coverage): ARC/INFO ɡ ArcView . ɡ . .
  • (libraries) ARC/INFO ArcStorm ArcView .


  • (CAD) (CAD Reader) ArcView. DWG DXF ( DGN ).

(Spatial Database Engine: SDE) ESRI . (Database Access) SDE .

ArcView .
: (cells) (pixel) . (scanned) (scanner). ArcView . ޡ .
ArcView :

  • TIFF TIFF/LZW .
  • ERDAS IMAGINE ( IMAGINE Image ArcView).
  • BSQ BIL BIP.
  • Sun Rasterfiles.
  • BMP.
  • Run-length .
  • JPEG ( JPEG Image ArcView).
  • Image Catalogs.
  • ARC GRID

: . () . ڡ .
ɡ (x y) .