GPS GIS

GPS .



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(GIS) ߡ .

ɡ (global positioning system GPS) (geographic information systems GIS) .

(hardware and software) (1).



(1):



:

(data acquisition): .

(data preprocessing): .

(data management): ǡ .

(data manipulation and analysis): .

(product generation): .

:

(spatial data): .

(attribute or thematic data): . (2) .




(2):



:



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GIS :




GIS .

:

( ) ϡ .

ɡ (geoid). (spheroid or ellipsoid).

100 m (geoidal undulation). (draheim) : " ( ) ( ) ()".

(global geocentric datum) ( ) (local nongeocentric datum).

:

.

.

(matching) .

(common station) .

. (3) .




(3):



ɡ .

GPS 1973 1983.

20200 km ֡ (simultaneously). GPS (pseudoranges) ( ) .

ء GPS ϡ . (synchronization error) .

GPS GIS

(4):

(vector data model): . (digitizer) .

(raster data model): (pixels) . (scanners).




(4):



GPS GIS (Selective Availability SA) - GPS 100 m [10 - 20] m (Differential GPS DGPS) 1 m.

GPS GIS (5).





(5): trimble pro xr GPS



GPS



GPS GIS .

(GPS (receiver GIS (digitizer controller) GIS (6).





(6): GPS GIS



GPS GIS GIS (7).





(7): GPS GIS



GPS GIS :

(geodetic datum).

(projection) .

.

GIS :

GPS.

.

.

.

GIS.

(8) (Base Map) Leica GS5 GPS.




(8): GPS GIS





GIS .

.

GPS [10 20] m ߺ GPS.

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GPS GIS ء GPS .


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